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Ethereum focuses on L1 scalability, with key development priorities revealed for the next 5 years.
The most important thing for Ethereum in the next five years: L1 scalability
Recently, the founder of Ethereum and the foundation have been vocal on multiple core issues, from proposals to limit the Gas cap for single transactions, to the launch of the L1 zkEVM experimental phase, to the increase of the block Gas limit, all indicating that the expansion of Ethereum L1 is accelerating. After achieving phased results in the L2 ecosystem, Ethereum is refocusing on the expansion path of L1, aiming to make L1 lighter, stronger, and more unified.
Strategic Adjustment from L2 to L1
Since 2020, Rollup has become the core strategy for Ethereum's scalability, giving rise to a series of L2 projects. However, the rapid development of L2 has also brought new challenges: transactions and value are increasingly dispersed across numerous L2s, and L1 is under growing pressure as the data availability and final settlement layer. High Gas transactions have increased the computational and verification burden on L1 nodes, the expansion of state space has affected node synchronization efficiency and on-chain storage costs, and fluctuations in block packing times have also intensified security and censorship resistance risks.
In the past few years, various Rollup projects have worked hard to build a liquidity moat for their own ecosystems. While this has improved local efficiency, it has also weakened the overall liquidity and unity of the Ethereum network. Now, Ethereum is at a turning point in its transition from L2 differentiation back to L1 reconstruction, aiming to make the overall network experience resemble a unified ecosystem rather than a fragmented multi-chain platter.
EIP-7987 and L1 zkEVM: Dual Tools for Scaling
The two most关注的 core scalability solutions currently are the EIP-7987 proposal and L1 zkEVM, which improve network performance from the perspectives of resource scheduling optimization and execution layer reconstruction, respectively.
EIP-7987: Optimize transaction resource allocation
The EIP-7987 proposal suggests setting the Gas limit for a single transaction at 16.77 million, aimed at avoiding high-load transactions (such as zkProof verification and large contract deployments) from consuming excessive block resources, thereby improving node verification efficiency and light node synchronization. Additionally, Ethereum is gradually increasing the block Gas limit, which has currently reached 37.3 million, and may be further increased in the future.
L1 zkEVM: Reconstructing the Execution Architecture
L1 zkEVM is regarded as one of the "final solutions" for Ethereum scaling. It will enable the Ethereum mainnet to support ZK circuit verification, allowing each block's execution to generate verifiable zero-knowledge proofs. This technology can significantly reduce the validation burden on nodes, enhancing security and cross-chain interoperability. The Ethereum Foundation has released the L1 zkEVM real-time proof standards, which are expected to go live within a year, promising an execution performance increase of 10 to 100 times.
Other Expansion Measures
In addition to the two core solutions mentioned above, Ethereum is also advancing L1 scalability in multiple areas:
ePBS (separation of block proposer and block builder): Aims to address issues such as MEV extraction imbalance and construction power monopoly, enhancing fairness and transparency in block production.
FOCIL: Allows light nodes to verify blocks and transactions without maintaining a complete state, reducing the participation threshold.
Stateless client architecture: By introducing the witness mechanism, it reduces the node's dependence on the full chain state and lowers synchronization and validation costs.
Beam Proposal: Set independent price curves for different resource types to build a more refined resource pricing mechanism.
Conclusion
Despite the attention on L2 technologies like Rollup and account abstraction, the evolution of L1 remains crucial. L2 can accommodate more users and free up execution space, while L1 provides unified settlement, security assurance, and resource governance foundation. Only with the collaborative development of L1 and L2 can Ethereum truly become a global Web3 value network and the world computer.